Question 1

As personality descriptions become more positive, the Barnum effect becomes stronger. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   the spotlight effect.
B)   unconditional positive regard.
C)   self-serving bias.
D)   free association.E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 2

Maslow placed ________ at the base of his hierarchy of needs.

Accepted Answer

A)   cognitive needs
B)   social needs
C)   bodily needs
D)   spiritual needsE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 3

The role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders is most clearly emphasized by the ________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

A)   trait
B)   social-cognitive
C)   psychoanalytic
D)   humanisticE) A) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 4

A sense of personal self-worth is called

Accepted Answer

A)   self-esteem.
B)   self-efficacy.
C)   self-monitoring.
D)   self-disclosure.E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 5

Critics have most frequently objected to the emphasis on individualism offered by the

Accepted Answer

A)   trait perspective.
B)   humanistic perspective.
C)   psychodynamic perspective.
D)   social-cognitive perspective.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 6

A religious leader who attempts to overcome his hidden doubts with intense expressions of spiritual certainty illustrates most clearly the defense mechanism of

Accepted Answer

A)   reaction formation.
B)   projection.
C)   regression.
D)   displacement.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 7

Who emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development?

Accepted Answer

A)   Gordon Allport
B)   Albert Bandura
C)   Carl Rogers
D)   Alfred AdlerE) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 8

A behavior trait refers to a pattern of behavior that is

Accepted Answer

A)   unconsciously motivated.
B)   difficult to observe.
C)   stable over time.
D)   unlearned.E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 9

Projection refers to the process by which people

Accepted Answer

A)   consciously express feelings that are the opposite of underlying unconscious impulses.
B)   disguise unacceptable, unconscious impulses by attributing them to others.
C)   retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of a more infantile stage of development.
D)   offer self-justifying explanations in place of real, but unacceptable, unconscious reasons for action.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 10

According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the

Accepted Answer

A)   id to defend against the accusations and guilt feelings produced by the superego.
B)   ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized.
C)   superego to prevent expression of sexual and aggressive drives.
D)   id, ego, and superego in a repetitive sequence of internal conflicts.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 11

Freud's theory of personality has been criticized because it

Accepted Answer

A)   underestimates the importance of biological contributions to personality development.
B)   is contradicted by recent research demonstrating the human capacity for destructive behavior.
C)   is overly reliant upon observations derived from Freud's use of projective tests.
D)   offers few testable hypotheses that allow one to determine its validity.E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 12

When Vanessa noticed that she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   the spotlight effect.
B)   defensive self-esteem.
C)   rationalization.
D)   the Barnum effect.E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 13

Frida was informed by a professional palm reader: "You generally communicate openly with others, but you have certain dark secrets that even your closest friends could never guess." The fact that Frida was impressed by the palm reader's insight into her personality best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   the false consensus effect.
B)   the Barnum effect.
C)   the spotlight effect.
D)   unconditional positive regard.E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 14

Self-efficacy refers to the experience of one's own

Accepted Answer

A)   fixations.
B)   superego.
C)   competence.
D)   self-serving bias.E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 15

According to social-cognitive theories, the best predictor of students' academic success in college would be their

Accepted Answer

A)   college entrance test scores.
B)   high school grade-point average.
C)   levels of self-esteem.
D)   performance on the MMPI.E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

Question 16

Because she is often rejected by her parents, Sally mistrusts other people and treats them with hostility, which leads to their rejection of her. This cycle of rejection, mistrust, hostility, and further rejection illustrates what is meant by

Accepted Answer

A)   self-transcendence.
B)   the spotlight effect.
C)   reaction formation.
D)   reciprocal determinism.E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 17

Religious and ethnic diversity are most likely to be appreciated in a culture characterized by

Accepted Answer

A)   free association.
B)   individualism.
C)   reciprocal determinism.
D)   collectivism.E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 18

Collectivism is most likely to be emphasized in

Accepted Answer

A)   North America.
B)   China.
C)   Europe.
D)   Australia.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 19

Who emphasized that slips of the tongue often reveal the personality dynamics that contribute to psychological disorders?

Accepted Answer

A)   Allport
B)   Freud
C)   Bandura
D)   MaslowE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 20

The pleasure principle is to the ________ as the reality principle is to the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   id; superego
B)   id; ego
C)   Oedipus complex; Electra complex
D)   conscious; unconsciousE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Exam 12: Social Psychology

Who emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Self-efficacy refers to the experience of one's own

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When Vanessa noticed that she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A religious leader who attempts to overcome his hidden doubts with intense expressions of spiritual certainty illustrates most clearly the defense mechanism of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Maslow placed ________ at the base of his hierarchy of needs.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Collectivism is most likely to be emphasized in

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Frida was informed by a professional palm reader: "You generally communicate openly with others, but you have certain dark secrets that even your closest friends could never guess." The fact that Frida was impressed by the palm reader's insight into her personality best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Religious and ethnic diversity are most likely to be appreciated in a culture characterized by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Because she is often rejected by her parents, Sally mistrusts other people and treats them with hostility, which leads to their rejection of her. This cycle of rejection, mistrust, hostility, and further rejection illustrates what is meant by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Freud's theory of personality has been criticized because it

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders is most clearly emphasized by the ________ perspective.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Projection refers to the process by which people

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Critics have most frequently objected to the emphasis on individualism offered by the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

As personality descriptions become more positive, the Barnum effect becomes stronger. This best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A behavior trait refers to a pattern of behavior that is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Who emphasized that slips of the tongue often reveal the personality dynamics that contribute to psychological disorders?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to social-cognitive theories, the best predictor of students' academic success in college would be their

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The pleasure principle is to the ________ as the reality principle is to the ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A sense of personal self-worth is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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The pleasure principle is to the as the reality principle is to the .

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