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What does it mean to distinguish urban populations from rural ones by threshold levels?

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National statistical services distinguis...

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National statistical services often define rural areas against urban areas as simply "not-urban."

A) True
B) False

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How does Schultz view traditional small farmers and how did this shape rural development at the time?

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Schultz's suggested that "traditional" f...

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The "community development" approach guided the US's development assistance programs in the 1950s.

A) True
B) False

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Livelihood analysis is based on the relationship between capital and context.

A) True
B) False

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Which of the following might be recognizable as "rural"?


A) Forests
B) Farmlands
C) Mountain villages
D) Savannas
E) All of the above

F) B) and D)
G) A) and B)

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Discuss the gender dimensions of household livelihoods.

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Gender is one of the most important divi...

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Livelihood analysis leaves out how different types of capital are combined in a particular context.

A) True
B) False

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What is Participatory Rural Appraisal?

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Participatory Rural Appraisal is a conce...

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Rurality can be distinguished in terms of a relative abundance of natural capital.

A) True
B) False

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Briefly describe the two paradigm shifts in rural development thinking over the past 50 years.

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The first paradigm shift in the 1960s, w...

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Discuss the criticisms of the Green Revolution.

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Criticisms of the Green Revolution inclu...

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What are three problems with depicting rural development as synonymous with agricultural development?

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First, even with recent upward pressures on food prices, the real price of every agricultural commodity has fallen steadily over the long term, making the profitability of agriculture as a business questionable in the absence of subsidies. For example, even accounting for recent price spikes, world cereal prices are nearly 50 per cent lower in real terms than in 1960. This may be advantageous for net food buyers but is not likely to benefit food producers, since the prices of inputs, such as fertilizers, have increased substantially relative to outputs over the same period. Second, agriculture in many parts of the globe confronts environmental limitations, particularly in terms of soil and water. Third, and clearly as a consequence of the first two points, diversification out of agriculture appears to be widespread and increasing, even in dynamic rural economies.

The Green Revolution was a social movement designed to bring awareness to environmental issues.

A) True
B) False

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False

Discuss the blurring of the urban-rural divide.

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A final issue is livelihood diversificat...

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Describe the "sustainable livelihoods" approach to rural poverty and discuss its potential shortcomings.

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Sustainable livelihoods approach is one ...

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Just because the rural poor are engaged in farming does not mean they are interested in investing in means to improve their farms with new technologies.

A) True
B) False

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Explain the phenomenon of "multi-locational households" and its implications.

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The rural-urban divide is becoming increasingly blurred. In multi-locational households, members reside in or move between various communities, economic sectors, and even states, blurring rural-urban identities. This also makes remittances increasingly important in rural development and has equalled and even surpassed national investment and ODA. It has policy implications, prioritizing migration policies and financial systems to facilitate transfers. The blurred rural-urban divide also means that policies assuming agricultural productivity will drive increased consumption of non-agricultural goods needs to be re-evaluated. "Rural" may be a useful special designation, but the range of livelihood strategies now pursued in rural areas challenges rural and urban designations based on economic activities.

Briefly describe the viewpoints of Thomas Malthus, Karl Marx, and Ester Boserup.

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Malthus, Marx, and Boserup understood th...

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What is the consequence of our reliance on capital-intensive, high-input, globalized agriculture?


A) Development theories
B) Pressure on soil, water, non-renewable energy sources, and land
C) Globalization
D) Urban poverty
E) Belts of rural poverty

F) A) and C)
G) A) and B)

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