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Question 91

Multiple Choice

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A researcher places dogs in a cage with metal bars on the floor. The dogs are randomly given electric shocks and can do nothing to prevent them or stop them. Later, the same dogs are placed in a cage where they can escape the shocks by jumping over a low hurdle. When the shocks are given, the dogs do not even try to escape. They just sit and cower. This is an example of __________.

A) learned helplessness
B) avoidance learning
C) aversive conditioning
D) vicarious learning

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Question 92

Multiple Choice

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When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits the CR, the phenomenon is called __________.

A) stimulus discrimination
B) stimulus generalization
C) spontaneous recovery
D) second-order conditioning

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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Question 93

Multiple Choice

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You train your dog, Atticus, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every 5 minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Atticus. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Atticus salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?

Rescorla found that the CS must __________ the UCS for conditioning to take place.

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not __________ had occurred.

Reinforcement is to punishment as __________.

Jack and Rose were parked at Lover's Lane. When Jack kissed Rose, his breathing accelerated. Rose always wore Chanel No. 5 when she went out with Jack. Whenever Jack smelled Chanel No. 5, he began to breathe faster. Jack's faster breathing rate when he smells Chanel No. 5 is the __________.

Thorndike's main apparatus in his operant conditioning research was a __________.

An animal is conditioned to salivate to a metronome using Pavlovian procedures. After the conditioning is established, the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears. Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days. When returned to the test situation, the conditioned response is seen again. The effect is known as __________.

Five-year-old Jasper is helping get ready for his family's Thanksgiving dinner by polishing the good silverware. If his mother gives him a dime for each piece he polishes, what kind of reinforcement schedule is she using?

What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

If a POSITIVE REINFORCER is added after a behavior and the behavior is strengthened/increased, the process used is called __________.

Which of the following is an example of a behavior that is learned through operant conditioning?

Raj's heart has been conditioned to beat rapidly whenever he smells Windsong perfume on a woman. However, Raj's heart also races when he smells Chanel No. 5 and other perfumes. This illustrates __________.

In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following components "elicits" a response?

The person most directly associated with operant conditioning is __________.

An unpleasant stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as __________.

Zeke, a Web designer, is paid a salary every 2 weeks. Zeke is being reinforced on a __________ schedule.

A key element in the use of biofeedback is teaching a person to induce a state of __________ to help gain control over biological functions.

The concept of latent learning was developed by __________.